1. A school is an institution catering for the development of the student as a whole, i.e. for his physical, intellectual and moral development.
Though physical and intellectual development are an essential part of the school's task, and though most of the school work is directly connected with intellectual development, the moral development of the student should be in a way its primary object.

2. The threefold object of a school is attained through the physical exercises it encourages among the students, through the teaching and study of academic subjects (or technical ones) and the fostering and acquiring of good habits, both individual and social, to the promotion of which every school worthy of its name must dedicate itself.

3. The attainement [sic] of the school's object requires the continuous and willing cooperation of students and school authorities.

4. It is the school authorities' share in this work to direct and advise the students in all their activities without stifling their initiative, but rather encouraging it, thus fostering the development of the students' personality.
It is the students' share to accept willingly and loyally the school authorities' guidance and advice and carry it out diligently and with a sense of free cooperation.

5. This distinction of the roles of school authorities and students is an essential element in the school's constitution and indispensable for the the accomplishment if [sic] its task. It does not mean separation or mutual exclusion of the two roles, but rather active cooperation. No school can exist without this principle being practically acknowledged.

6. The school authorities' work of directing and advising includes the following points as essential:
(i) Laying down the school's principles and rules of conduct and discipline.

(ii) Laying down the syllabus and choosing text-books for all subjects as well as the work to be done for each.

(iii) Working out the school-calendar and time-table.

(iv) Laying down the broad lines to be pursued and the principles underlying all other non-strictly scholastic activities, such as societies, sports, etc., as well as supervising and directing them.

7. In all matters mentioned in No. 6 as well as in similar ones the school authorities' competence is exclusive.

8. The school authorities' claim to exclusive competence in directing and advising their students rests on the universally acknowledged principles that they replace the pupils' parents who entrust their children to the school authorities.
Their authority is, therefore, essentially the same as that of the pupils' parents, and rests on the same grounds.

9. Because of what stated in No. 8, the Comboni Schools' authorities welcome and indeed consider as essential the cooperation between parents and themselves.

10. Since every parent entrusts to the school his children individually, the Comboni Schools' authorities consider themselves accountable and responsible for every student to his parents, and not for the whole body students to the whole body of parents.
Hence they welcome continuous and individual contact with each pupil's parents individually, considering it as fruitful, while a necessarily vague and general contact with the parents' body as a whole they consider as unnecessary and unwarranted. For the same reason, while prepared to discuss a student's problems with his parents, they are not ready to do so with any other individual or organization.

11. Because of the principles stated in Nos. 8-11. Comboni Schools' authorities consider as absolutely unwarranted and unacceptable every attempt by any individual or organization, such as Parents' Council, or Students' Unions, to interfere in the running of the school or in what concerns individual students.

12, What stated in Nos. 6-11 does not exclude the competence of the Ministry of Education, in keeping with the Non-Government School Ordinance, to give advice, instructions and directives in all matter mentioned there.
Such advice shall always be gratefully received and respectifully acted upon, and shall be sought in the solution of problems affecting school life.

Chapter II
Status of Comboni Schools

1. Comboni Schools were opened and are run by the Catholic Chruch in the Sudan first of all to cater for the educational needs of the Christian community in this country whatever their race and nationality may be.

2. They are property of the Catholic Church and Community and are subject to and administered by the Heads of the Catholic Church in the different parts of the Sudan.

3. Comboni School are "private" schools only in the sense that they are not state property, not in the sense that are not owned by a public body or do not fulfil [sic^]] a public mission.
In the same sense they are indipendent schools.

4. The Heads of the Catholic Curch exercise their authority over Comboni Schools either personally and directly or through Church Councils convened and sitting as Church Educational Counsils.

5. Under the Church authorities, the Central Church School Council has power to discuss and settle all matters affecting Comboni Schools in general, or some school in particular, be they financial or educational or of any other kind.
Under the same authorities, Local Church School Councils have power to discuss and settle all matters affecting the life of the local Comboni School (s) be they educational or disciplinary. But such financial matters as school fees and salaries of staff settled by the Central Council.
Church School Councils shall exercise their powers within the limits of their proper constitution.

6. Being "private" and "independent" schools, Comboni Schools are entirely self-supporting. They are run on what they can collect from the Catholic Community and from the students in the shape of school fees. Hence the need of making students pay school fees and of adjusting them to circumstances of time and place.
The Catholic Community's contributions and the students school fees shall be entirely devoted to the school maintenance and development and the paying of teachers' salaries

7. Christian students shall be taught the Christian religion. Other student shall have an opportunity of being taught their religion.

8. In all other respects, and as far as compatible with the needs of the students for whom the cater, Comboni Schools shall conform to the other schools in the country under the Ministry of Education.
This refers in particular to syllabuses, but is applicable to other matters as well. The special status and characteristics of Comboni Schools should, however, be always taken into account.

Chapter III
Internal Constitution of a Comboni School

1. At the head of every Comboni School there is a Headmaster.

2. In the running of the school over which he presides he shall be assisted, provided the size of the school so requires, by an Assistant Headmaster and/or by a Warden.

3. In each school there shall be a School Council.
The Headmaster shall also convene regularly General Staff Meetings. Subjects Panels shall also be formed at the head of which will be the senior teacher of that subject.

4. House Masters, who must be members of the staff, shall be in charge of House into which the student population is grouped for the purpose of non-strictly scholastic or academic work, such as sports.

5. Sports activities shall be the responsibility, under the Headmaster, of a Sport Master.

6. The various societies, into which students form for cultural and social activities other than those strictly scholastic, shall be under Society Officials, that must be members of the Staff.

7. A Class Official, who must be a member of the Staff, may be asked by the Headmaster or Warden to be in charge of certain aspects of school discipline in their own class.

8. Monitor are appointed by the Headmaster or Warden to be in charge of certain aspects of school discipline in their own classes.

9. The School Council shall also function as a Discipline Council when convened for such purpose.

Chapter IV
Local School Councils

1. In each Comboni School there shall be a School Council.

2. The School Council shall consist of
The Headmaster
The Assistant Headmaster
The Warden (s)
The Bursar
One (or more) senior member (s) of the Staff according to the number of the members of the Staff.

3. The Headmaster is the Chairman of the School Council whenever it meets.

4. The Headmaster shall convene his School Council regularly once a month for ordinary meetings, and whenever he thinks it necessary for extraordinary meetings.

5. He shall draft the agenda for the meetings, but the members of the Council may request him to include points to be discussed at the meetings.

6. He shall circulate to the members of the council the agenda of the meetings in good time so that they may have a chance of studying it before the meetings.

7. He shall give the members of the Council every opportunity of expressing their views on all the agenda points and take their views into the greatest consideration, but the final decision shall always be taken by him.

8. Matters to be discussed at Council meetings shall include whatever may affect the life of the school, be it educational, disciplinary or financial, or of any other kind.
Other purposes of Council meetings include listening to reports from the Headmaster or from some school official on the activities of the school in general or on some particular activity or problem.
A School Council meeting may be very appropriately held before a general staff meeting to discuss its agenda.

9. Financial matters regarding staff salaries and school fees shall be discussed only within the frame of the instructions issued by the Central School Council. Any amendment to such instructions as seems to be required by particular circumstances may be freely discussed and submitted to the Central School Council, but not carried out without their approval.

10. The lay members of the Local Church Council may be co-opted as members in all matters of importance and matters which directly concern the general public.

11. The Council Secretary shall draft the minutes of the proceedings at each meeting to be read and approved at the next Council  meeting and to be entered into the minutes book and signed by the members of the Council.

12. Whenever matters concerning some particular subject or aspect of school life are to be discussed at a School Council meeting, members of the Staff particularly interested in it may be invited to attend the meeting.

Chapter V
General Staff Meetings

1. An ordinary general staff meeting shall be convened by the Headmaster at least once every time a report is issued.

2. Extraordinary general meetings may be convoked by him any time he thinks there is sufficient reason for doing so.

3. Extraordinary general meeting may be requested by the Staff if the majority of it are agreed about holding them. But it is up to the Headmaster to decide whether such meetings are to be held or not.

4. The Headmaster shall be the Chairman at all such general meetings.

5. He shall prepare the agenda for them and circulate it in good time to all members of the Staff so that they may have an opportunity of seeing it in advance and preparing to discuss it.

6. Members of the Staff shall have the right to request the Headmaster to include in the agenda of General meetings any point they think worth discussing.

7. All members of the Staff are to attend general meetings. They shall be given every opportunity of expressing their views on all points of the agenda and their opinion and advice shall be taken into the greatest consideration; but the final decision will rest with the Headmaster.

8. Matter to be discussed at general meetings are the same as those that may be discussed at Council meetings, i.e. all matters affecting the life of the school, and discussions are subjects to the same restrictions.

9. Other very important and useful purposes of general meetings are listening to the Headmaster's reports on the school's activities, the Staff's and pupils work and conduct, and other aspects of school life, and talks on school discipline, methods of teaching and other educational problems given by the Headmaster of by somebody else with his approval or at his request.
The Headmaster reports may be the object of useful discussions.

Chapter VI
Subject Panel Meetings

1. At least once a year - preferably towards the end of term - Subject Panel meetings shall be held in every school.

2. Such meetings shall be attended by all members of the Staff concerned with the subject  to be discussed.

3. They shall be presided over by the Headmaster, or, in his absence, by the senior master of that subject

4. At such meetings shall be discussed methods of teaching the subject in question, text-book already in use or to be adopted, the syllabus of each subject, the kind and amount of work to be given, methods of correcting and marking the work, and similar points.

5. In all such matters, too, the final word will be the Headmaster's.

Chapter VII
The Headmaster

1. The Headmaster is the head of the school and of all its departments. Hence he lays down its policy and aims in keeping with the general aims of Comboni schools and local circumstances and supervises their working out by the school officials in all their details. He has full authority on Staff an pupils within the limits of his compentece.

2. In particular, he:
(i) Appoints Wardens, Assistant Wardens, and other school Officials. He may appoint school officials through Wardens.
(ii) Appoints teachers and sign contracts with them. He also assigns them their work and supervises it in a general way, and, at least now and then, in a more detailed manner.
He discontinues the contracts of teachers whose work is not satisfactory, or for any reason he deems valid, without giving any account of his motives.
(iii) Convenes the School Council once a month or oftener if necessary, and the ordinary or extraordinary teachers' general or panel meetings.
(iv) Works out the school calendar before the beginning of each school year.
(v) Prepares the detailed syllabus for all subjects, chooses textbooks, determines the work to be done in each, including the number of the periods it is to be taught, the number of the class-tests, and the amount and quality of home-work to be done in each, after consulting the Staff concerned.
(vi) Receives regular reports from Wardens and School Officials on their work.
(vii) Plans all other school activities, such as sports, societies, etc., and supervises them, generally through School Officials.
(viii) Fixes school fees and prepares the school budget in keeping with instructions from the Central School Council and local circumstances.
(ix) In special cases, he decides the admission or the rejection of a candidate's application. In ordinary cases he does that through his Assistants or Wardens.
(x) Suspends students from school attendance for a period of not more than three days, or dismisses them for good.
(xi) Settles border cases of pass or failure.
(xii) He deals with ecclesiastical and civil authorities, especially the Ministry of Education, cultural and other organizations, examining bodies, etc., in what concerns the school.
(xiii) Although the financial decision in all these matters rests with him, he shall never take any important decision without first consulting his School Council and the School Official (s) interested in the case.
He shall also leave to Wardens and School Officials and Staff full initiative within the scope of their work and according to the school regulations and traditions, and support their authority before parents and school-boys.

3. He shall welcome and even invite the opinion of the School Officials and Staff on all matters concerning the school, and take it into consideration.

4. On the other hand, it is his duty to call the attention of School Officials and Staff to anything which in their work is not in keeping with the school regulations and traditions.

5. All official documents and correspondence shall be signed by the Headmaster or for him.

6. A copy of all official papers and documents issued by School Officials, as well as a copy of all time-tables and instructions issued to students shall be submitted to the Headmaster for his information, and if necessary, for filing. The same applies to correspondence conducted by Wardens or other School Officials in the discharge of their duties, if they think it worthwhile to show it for the Headmaster's information.

Chapter VIII
The Assistant Headmaster

1. He is the first and natural adviser of the Headmaster, and shall be consulted in all important matters before anybody else.

2. In the Headmaster's absence, he has the same powers as the Headmaster, unless instructions to the contrary have been issued.

Chapter IX
School Wardens

1. School Wardens are mainly responsible for the day-to-day smooth running of the school by applying the principles that govern it to the details of its everyday life.

2. In particular, the school Warden
(i) Appoints such School Officials as Librarians, House Masters, Heads of Societies, Class Masters if any are to be appointed, Class Monitors and members of the S.G.B. (Student Governing Body), after consulting the Headmaster unless the Headmaster himself appoints them.
(ii) Prepares before the beginning of every schoolyear the official daily time-table of lessons and supervision, bearing in mind the quality and importance of every subject and the amount of work every teacher has to do.
(iii) Asks the Staff to prepare a division of their subject-(s) at the beginning of the year into as many as there are reports issued to students.
(iv) Obtains at the beginning of the year from the Staff, or he himself prepares, a time-table of class-tests and homework, being careful to avoid overlapping and overcrowding.
(v) Sets the time-table for examinations as well as for other activities, such as sports, societies, excursion, etc., in consultation with the Staff or Official concerned.
(vi) At the beginning of each year he draws up the official list of each class.
(vii) Of all that has been mentioned in Nos. (i-vi) he keeps the Headmaster and the members of the Staff concerned fully informed giving them a copy of all documents and instructions and time-tables issued in connection. No permanent alteration should be made by any such document, instruction, time-table, etc., without their being informed.

3. If the Headmaster asks him to do it, he has the ordinary supervision of the work of masters which he may arrange as he thinks best.
In particular he sees to it that:
(i) They sign the attendance register every morning and attend punctually.
(ii) They do regularly their preparation of lessons; hence he inspects their preparation books regularly.
(iii) They keep a strict order and discipline in class and conduct their lessons according to the lesson plan. To make sure of this, he inspects classes regularly.
(iv) They gave tests and homework according to the special calendar worked out at the beginning of the school-year and the traditions of the school. Hence he inspects regularly the book in which the work assigned daily to the boys is entered.
(v) That they prepare their final tests with great care. School Wardens shall have the drafted final tests inspected and, if necessary, revised by other component members of the Staff or other competent people before they are finally typed and duplicated. They may do the same, occasionally, for ordinary class tests.
(vi) That they mark tests and check homework properly and regularly. If they think it advisable, they may have the corrected tests, especially the final ones, revised by competent people.
(vii) In all these matters he has the right and the duty to make whatever remarks he thinks proper, frankly though respectfully, and never in such way as to detract from the teachers' authority before parents and pupils. Such authority he is expected to uphold in every way.

4. As regards students, the school Wardens
(i) Ordinarily accepts or refuses applications of old and new boys before the beginning of a new year and during the course of it, always in keeping with the regulations and traditions of the school.
Of all new applications accepted, whether before the beginning or during the course of the year, he keeps the Headmaster fully informed, and keeps the Staff concerned equally informed of all new applications accepted during the year.
(ii) As far as possibile, he follows each boy in particular, encouraging, warning, scolding, and punishing him according to the rules of conduct laid down for the boys.
If possible, he keeps a personal record of each boy in which he enters anything noteworthy concerning that boy, that may assist him in his task.
(iii) Inspects regularly each boy's booklet and each class conduct book, if one is kept in it, and, at least occasionally, the boys' desks.
(iv) He is mainly responsible for the keeping of the rules which he must bring to the notice of the students, especially the new ones.
(v) He inspects regularly each boy's exercise book for tests and homework.
(vi) Arranges for private lessons for those who may need them.
(vii) He generally deals with the boy's parents of tutors by personal interview or by correspondence, especially when a boy's conduct or progress is not up to expectations.
(viii) Issues, for the Headmaster, reports and final results, making sure that they reach parents or tutors.
(ix) If the Headmaster asks him to do it, he issues, or may ask the School Secretary to issue, conduct or progress certificates, letters of recommendation or similar documents, for the Headmaster, to boys that need them, taking care that a copy of all these documents reaches the Headmaster. The same applies to any correspondence that may be worth filing for future reference.
(x) Gives the Headmaster immediate and detailed information concerning anything worth noting referring to any boy, or class, or member of the staff, or any aspect of school life, and comments on the work and conduct of particular boys, or Staff members.
(xi) At least every time a school report is issued to the boys, he shows the Headmaster all reports and gives him a full account of every aspect of school work or problem connected with it, that is worth underlining. 

5. A more detailed report on the work of each teacher, together with his recommendations and remarks, is to be submitted to the Headmaster at the end of every school year.

6. Although he is not responsible for the general school policy, it is both his duty and right to offer the Headmaster advice on all matters concerning the school, its standard, its expansion, etc., so that, instead of deteriorating, it improves in every respect.
His authority shall be upheld by the Headmaster and the Staff before all pupils and their parents. The staff owe him respect, and obedience to all the instructions he issues, as well as readiness in cooperating in the initiatives he takes.
On the other hand, he shall be prepared to listen to and consider any remark offered by the Headmaster or any member of the Staff in a spirit of sincere interest in the welfare of the school.

Chapter X
Assistant Wardens

1. He takes the place of the Warden and has the same power and duties in the latter's absence, or when such powers and duties are delegated to him by the Warden.

2. He must cooperate with the Warden whose first adviser he is and who should consult him in all principal matters.
He may be entrusted, and generally shall be, by his Warden with some particular task, to be discharged by him according to the Warden's instructions, to whom belongs the main responsibility even in such case.

Chapter XI
School Master

1. Schoolmasters take the place of the boy's parents an tutors while boys are at school, and to them the education of the boys is entrusted by parents and tutors under the school authorities and in full cooperation with them.

2. Every schoolmaster, irrespective of what he teaches, must take the education of the boys entrusted to him very seriously, and promote in every possible way not only their intellectual development, but also their moral welfare, chiefly by his good example, by inculcating good principles, encouraging the habit of work and discipline, and by correcting and punishing his pupils' fault and mistakes, if necessary.

3. Teachers are to give their full time to the school, except for the summer holidays' period allowed them by the contract. Other permanent duties and occupations outside the school are not admissible.

4. A teacher shall report punctually at school before the beginning of lessons every morning, sign the attendance register, and not leave the school without the Warden's permission, till lessons are over.

5. At the beginning of every year, he will divide his year's work into as many parts as there are reports issued to boys, and submit his draft to his Warden, before it is finally worked out.

6. It is a principal part of a teacher's work to prepare lessons very conscientiously, in good time, jotting down the main points of his lessons in his book for preparation of lessons.

7. A plan must be worked out for each lesson, and must be followed in giving it. It will generally include the following points:
(i) brief revision of previous lesson;
(ii) checking or correcting previous work;
(iii) explanation of new matter;
(iv) revision of new matter explained by means of questions or in some other way;
(v) mental or written work given for home; 

8. In his lessons he must be orderly, clear, and make himself intelligible to all the pupils in his class.
Silence, attention, strict discipline must be enforced during lessons, since they are absolutely essential to the success of the teacher's work. A teacher who can not enforce them is, even only for this, unable to do a teacher's work.

9. Written or mental homework, and written or oral tests are to be given regularly according to the special calendar laid down at the beginning of the year. No change should be made in it without the Warden's approval, normally.

10. Written homework is to be assigned in such a way that it does not consist merely of a copying exercise.
It is to be checked and corrected in class, but generally need not be marked for the boy's reports.
Some homework, however, may be given to be marked for the reports, especially composition, in which copying can be avoided or easily detected.

11. When tests are set, a strict supervision is to be kept, so that no copying is possible.
Reading and marking or anything incompatible with strict supervision is to be avoided.

12. If great care is to be taken in the preparation and giving of homeworks, even greater care is to be taken in preparing tests, especially final ones. The latter are not to be finally set for the students before first being seen by the Warden who may have them revised. He may do the same occasionally for ordinary tests.

13. Tests set at the end of each term, before the issuing of each report, must be more comprehensive, and shall be assigned a higher percentage of marks than the others set during term.
Final test should be allotted at least 50 per cent of the total of marks for the whole year.

14. All tests should be marked at home and corrected in class, for the boy's reports.
Test and homework exercise-books should be shown to the Warden every time he asks for them.
All correction work is to be done very diligently and promptly so that reports may give a fair idea of the boy's standard, and be issued punctually.

16. If a teacher notices that any of his pupils is weak in some subject (s) and believes that such weakness may be remedied by special lessons, he shall contact his Warden, but not the boy's parents, without the Warden's permission, and advise that the boy take special lessons. The Warden will decide what is to be done. But private lessons must not be given, except by permission of, and within the limits fixed by the same authorities.

17. If so requested by his Warden, a teacher must be ready to replace a colleague who happens to be absent, at least to invigilate, if not to teach.

18. The teacher has the right not to be unnecessarily disturbed during his lessons, and the Warden and other Schoool  [sic] Officials shall refrain from doing so.
On the other hand, no teacher has any right to refuse having his classes inspected by the competent authorities. Nor should any teacher refuse to comply with the instructions issued by the Headmaster, or Warden, or competent school official to him or any student in his class during his lessons.
If he believes he has any reason to complain on either of these grounds, and should wait till the end of the lesson, normally, and then remonstrate with the authorities.

19. The teachers' authority shall be upheld by the school authorities in every possible way, chiefly by showing them all respect and honour before boys and parents, and by not encouraging easy and unfounded criticism from boys and parents. Should any such criticism be offered to the school authorities, they should not speak of the teacher adversely in public, especially not in the presence of boys and parents, but give the teacher every opportunity of clearing himself in private and removing the grounds for criticism, should any exist.

20. On the other hand, no teacher should show lack of respect for his school authorities, or criticise [sic] them or accept criticism readily from boys and parents. Should any boy, or boy's parent, offer criticism of this kind, he should be referred to the competent school authorities, who shall do their best to remove the grounds for complaint, should any exist.

21. If a teacher notices anything in any student's conduct, or in any class, or group of boys, or text-book, or method of teaching which he believes to be wrong or detrimental to the good of the school or of the boy (s) in question, he has the right and duty to report it to the Warden or the Headmaster, either privately, or at the teachers' periodical meetings, according to the nature of what he has to report.

22. Only when a student resists all the attempts at correcting his faults shall punishment be resorted to, but correction must be tried before punishment.
Punishment to be effective must not be administered in a spirit of vindictiveness or in an irascible manner, but must appear to proceed from a sincere desire of the pupil's welfare.
It must not be too frequent, or it will defeat its own purpose.
The kind of punishment to be used are those detailed in the rules of conduct for boys.
Suspending boys from attending lessons should not be resorted to, normally, until all other ways have been tried, and proved ineffectual.
When a boy is sent out during a lesson, he should be sent immediately to the Warden with the class monitor and a note explaining briefly the reason for the boy being sent out of class.
No corporal punishment is to be inflicted by the teachers.

23. If the student who misbehaves is to be punished, the one who behaves and does his work diligently must be rewarded by marks in Conduct, Order, Application, public praise and other suitable ways.

24. A teacher who believes that any change of methods or of text-books would make for better and more successful work, should submit his suggestions to the Headmaster or Warden either privately or at Staff meetings. His suggestions shall be given all consideration.

25. Periodical meetings of teachers shall be held at least once every time a report is isued [sic] to boys. Such meetings shall be called either by the Headmaster or the Warden, and at them teachers shall have every opportunity of expressing their views and offering their suggestions on all points touching school-life such as methods, textbooks, work, discipline, etc.

26. At the end of every year, before the final results are issued, all teachers shall be summoned to a meeting at which every student's report (conduct, work, ect.) shall be discussed and a final decision be reached as to whether he should be passed, or failed, or referred, or dismissed.
The decision taken must be kept secret till the issuing of reports.

Chapter XII
School Officials (Librarian, Sport Master, House Master, Society Officials, etc.)

1. The are appointed by the Headmaster directly, or through the Warden.

2. They shall plan and execute diligently and conscientiously the special work entrusted to them.

3. They shall be given plenty of initiative in their field, but must consult the Headmaster or Warden before finally shaping their programmes of work, and have his approval for all its details.
Even in the execution of their work they are subject to the Headmaster's or Warden's supervision.

4. They must be convinced that the activities they direct have a very important role in the student's development, and must foster the student's interested in them. At the same time, they must not overemphasize their importance to the detriment of the main business of a student, or his intellectual development.

Chapter XIII
Class Officials

1. Where appointed, their main task is to follow each of the student in the class over which they are placed, and see to it that they apply themselves seriously to acquiring good habits and solid learning.

2. For this purpose, they keep in continuous touch with their students, examine with them their problems, and help end encourage them in their solution.
This may be done particularly when reports are issued to students, which class officials may study with a view to helping the students of their class.

3. Other tasks may be: arranging a class library, if there is to be one, encouraging the class to keep their class room clean, in good order, and to decorate it, etc., examining the students' exercise books, etc.

4. In their work, they must not usurp the role of the higher school authorities.

5. Where no class officials are appointed, some of their tasks may be discharged by the House Masters.

Chapter XIV
Prefects (monitors)

1. Prefects are appointed by Wardens and removed from office by them.

2. Their task it to communicate to other students such orders or instructions as the Warden might think it fit to communicate through them.
They may also convey to the school authorities the student's wishes and complaints, invigilate, if asked to do it, etc.

3. A prefect's powers are limited. He may not punish any school-mate, for example. If a member of the Staff is present, the prefect's powers cease to be.

4. The Warden will from time to time convene the prefects to listen to their reports and issue them his instructions. In this capacity they may be formed by the Warden into an S.G.B.

5. The spirit in which prefects are to discharge their duties is one of genuine interest in their fellow-students, of self sacrifice, and loyal cooperation with the school authorities.

6. The other students owe the prefects respect and obedience within the limits of their autrhority.

Chapter XV
Comboni Schools' Educational System

1. Level of Education. In Comboni Schools education is imparted at three levels: Elementary, Intermediate, and Secondary. Each level comprises four grades.

2. Subject Taught. At the elementary and intermediate levels in some Comboni Schools two kinds of streams are to be found, namely English streams for those pupils who do not speak Arabic and for whom English is used as a means of instruction; and Arabic streams for those pupils whose language is Arabic.

(a) At the elementary Level:
(i) Arabic speaking streams: Arabic language, Arithmetic, first elements of Science (nature study), first elements of Geography and History. All these subjects are taught in Arabic. The first elements of English language are also taught.
(ii) English speaking streams: the first elements of English language, Arithmetic, the first elements of Science (nature study), of Geography and History. All these subjects are taught in English.
The first elements of Arabic are also taught.
Pupils are exercised in free drawing in both streams, as well as in crafts and handwork.
Good manners are also taught and strongly inculcated. Game and physical training are regular activities.

(b) At the Intermediate level: in both the Arabic and the English streams the same subjects are taught as at the elementary level, but the standard is higher. The media of teaching are the same as at the elementary level, i.e. Arabic in the Arabic streams, and English in the English streams.

(c) At the Secondary Level: the subjects taught are: English language and Literature, Arabic language and Literature for those whose language is Arabic, French for the others, Geography, History, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry and Physics for the Science streams, and Commercial Subjects for the Commerce streams.
Art and Crafts become activities of Societies. But games and physical training are a regular school activity for all students. Religion is taught at all levels and is compulsory. English is the medium of instruction.

3. Syllabuses. The syllabuses adopted for all subjects at all levels are, roughly speaking, those of the Sudan Ministry of Education, but certain adaptations are required and made owing to the special characteristics of Comboni Schools, in which there is a large number of students who prepare for an English type of General Certificate of Education.

4. Object. The successful candidates at the end of their Comboni curriculum are awarded a COMBONI SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE.
Comboni Schools prepare their secondary school students to obtain either the Sudan School Certificate, or the Oxford General Certificate of Education, or both.

5. How to join the Comboni Schools.
(a) Those who wish to join Comboni Schools must apply for admission. Application is to be renewed every year even by old students.
(b) A registration fee must be paid by all applicants.
(c) First applicants must attach to their application the following documents: birth certificate; health certificate; good conduct certificate; report from previous school. 
(d) New applicants may be required to seat an entrance examination and to have an interview.
(e) An undertaking to abide by the Comboni Schools' rules must be signed by applicants, whether they be new or old, and by their parents or guardians, every year.
(f) For all applicants, a minimum and maximum age limit will be enforced.

6. Fees.
(a) The range of tuition fees varies in keeping with circumstances of time and place, but fees are to be paid by all students.
(b) In addition to their tuition fees, boarders pay boarding fees.
(c) A sport fee is to be paid by all.
(d) All must pay a library fee.
(e) A laboratory fee is paid by secondary school students in the Science stream, and a typing fee by students in the commercial stream.
(f) Day boys using school transport shall pay a bus fare.
All fees are to be paid in advance, either as lump sum, or by instalments.

7. School Calendar
(a) The school year consists of approximately nine calendar months.
(b) It is divided into three terms.
At the end of each term, tests are set on the part of the syllabus of each subject studied during the previous term. Bu at the end of the third term, final tests are set on the whole year's syllabus.
(c) A week's break follows the first term; two weeks or a little more follow the second term; a three months' vacation follows the third term.
(d) The following are general holidays: main Christian holidays during term; main Muslim holidays; national holidays; Comboni Day (10th October); Bishop's Day; Headmaster's Day; Sport Day.
(e) In addition to these, the members of each non-Christian and non-Muslim community shall be allowed to keep their main religious feasts and national feasts.
(f) The school week runs from Monday to Saturday and the schoolday consists of seven periods or lessons.
Friday is normally a holiday, but students and teachers may be asked to attend school for a few hours.

8. Non-Strictly Academic Activities. In addition to sports and games of various kinds, the following activities are encouraged among the students: cultural societies (e.g. literary, music, theatre, etc.), social parties, outings, etc.
The Scouts movement (or Girl Guides movement) is also strongly encouraged.

9. Rewards and punishment. Thought students are to be trained to do their duty neither for the sake of reward not for the fear of punishment yet reward and punishment shall be employed as auxiliary means in their education.
The following rewards are commonly granted for the reasons implied in their names:
Note of merit for good work or conduct;
Mention in role of honour for the same reason;
Good conduct certificate;
Prizes for excellence in individual subjects;
Prizes for overall excellence (or good progress)
School leaving Certificates (Intermediate and Secondary)
Sport prizes and trophies.
The following kinds of punishment are commonly employed:
Note of demerit for bad conduct or work;
Detention at school after end of lessons;
Suspension from attending lessons for a certain period;
Being deprived of certain privileges enjoyed by others;
Dismissal from school.
The reasons for resorting to the different kinds of punishment are explained in another part of this book.
Corporal punishment shall  not be inflicted.

10. Passes and failures
(a) To pass in any subject a student must obtain 50 per cent of the maximum of marks allotted to that subject, either in the first or in the supplementary examination. 
A pass to a higher form is awarded to a student whose work as a whole is good, provided his overall average is 50 per cent of the total of marks obtainable by him for all his subjects. Only in such case will a pass to a higher form be awarded to him even if he falls below the pass mark in the final results in one important subject, provided the failure in any important subject is not too bad, e.g. below 40 per cent of the maximum marks.
But a student sitting for entrance to the secondary school to gain admission to it must pass all his subjects either in the first, or the second or supplementary examination.
(b) Supplementary examinations may be taken by a student whose final results fall below the pass mark in not more than two subjects.
(c) If a student fails in more that two subjects he is not allowed a supplementary examination in them; but may be allowed to repeat the year, if there is room in his class, and subject to the approval of the School Council.
(d) A student who fails twice the same class it to be dismissed from the school.

Chapter XVI
School Work

1. Although a student must aim above all at acquiring good habits yet school-work in its academic significance must also claim his uninterrupted interest.

2. School-work here means giving one's attention to lessons, and doing all the prescribed written, oral, or mental work.

3. All students are bound to take all the subjects taught in their class, since they are all greatly conducive to attaining the school aims.
Only in their final year shall the students be occasionally exempted from the study of one subject or other in circumstances and for reasons to be approved by the school authorities.

4. Regular attendance at lessons is required, if the student it to make good progress. Hence absence from class, if frequent, and even if justified by illness or other reasonable motive, may disqualify a student from sitting for the end of the year examination. The final decision in such cases rests with the School Council.
Failure to pay attention in class will result in a regrettable waste of time and inability to make good progress.

5. Doing all the prescribed mental and written work is also indispensable to make sure that good progress is achieved.

6. Most of the prescribed mental and written work is done through preparaion [sic] either at home or at school. During preparation, students shall study all their subjects, bearing in mind that they are all essential for an all-round education. Hence, though not the same time should be devoted to the study of all subject, but to each a time in keeping with its importance and difficulty, none should be neglected, as unimportant of useless.

7. The student must bear in mind that sufficient time is to be allowed by him for preparation in his daily timetable, for this shall enable him to achieve one of the main objects of school-life, to gain durable and useful knowledge for the rest of his life.

8. In addition to getting regular homework assignements [sic], the students shall be tested regularly in class, orally and in writing, to make sure that they are doing their work diligently and efficiently.
Ordinary tests shall be set on the part of the syllabus studied since the last test in the same subject. End-of-term tests shall be set on the part of the programme done during the term. End-of-the year tests shall be more comprehensive and be set on the whole year's programme.
The object of all home-works and tests is to enable the student to study again what he has already learned, and thus make his learning strike deeper roots.

Chapter XVII
The Daily Round

1. The student must go through his daily round with unflagging spirit and ever renewed eagerness and interest. It is only thus that he can secure for himself those habits that are the best part of education.

2. At every moment of the daily round a student is to be wher the time-table requires him to be, and busy himself with the particular business of the moment.

3. Every student shall wear his school uniform on all schooldays and school occasions, unless excused by the school authorities.

4. He shall report punctually at the school every morning at the appointed time, wearing the school uniform.

5. Once one has entered the school on school days, he is not allowed to leave it without the Warden's permission from whom he must obtain a pass.

6. When the signal for it is given, the students shall line up for assembly, stand quietly and respectfully for prayers and listen to any instruction the Warden or Headmaster may have to issue. After this, they shall proceed immediately to class.

7. When going to their classes after assembly, or transferring from a part of the school to another during school hours, boys shall neither linger here or there, nor dash along at excessive speed, but walk quietly and in good order.

8. Late comers, whatever their reason for being late, shall report to be Warden before entering class and obtain from him a pass to be shown to the prefect or Master.

9. On entering class after assembly the students shall sit quietly at their desks, and answer the roll-call.

10. Every morning, before the beginning of the first period, the students shall prepare what they need for it, and place everything else in their desks.

12. On the Master entering class to start his lesson, the students shall stand and answer his greetings, nor shall they sit down until told to do so by him.
The same shall they do on a member of the staff, or visitor, entering class during a period, standing again at the end of his call or visit, to greet him.

13. While the lesson is on, students shall give their undivided attention to what they are taught. A Master is neither to be interrupted nor questioned without his permission to be sought by raising quietly a hand.
No student should do anything in class that may prevent others from paying attention.

14. No one is allowed to enter his or another class while a lesson is on without obtaining the teacher's permission.
No one is allowed to leave class during lessons without the teacher's consent and only for a serious reason.

15. Towards the end of the period, or at a more convenient moment during it, the students shall enter in their diaries, under the proper date, the work to be done according to the Master's instructions.

16. When the signal is given for the end of the period, and the Master is about to leave, the boys shall stand up, nor shall they sit until he has left the class, or until another Master has entered and given them permission to sit.

17. If there occurs a brief interval between two consecutive periods, the prefect shall take charge of the class. He shall open the door to the Master who is going out and to the one who is coming in. In the meantime everybody must get ready for the next period. The prefect shall see to it that order is kept by the students in the interval. He shall also clean the blackboard.

18. At the end of the last period, everybody shall stand quietly for prayers, collect what he needs for preparation, leaving all things in his desk in good order, and then quit the class quietly.
The prefect shall take care that fans and lights are switched off, the blackboard is cleaned etc. This he must do also before breaks.

19. At no other time than during lessons is anybody allowed to enter a classroom without the Warden's permission.

20. When the bell rings to mark the end of a part of the schoolday and the beginning of a break, the students shall make quietly for the courtyard, where they shall sit, or stand, or play games.
Breaks are times of necessary mental rest to enable students to resume their mental work with renewed zest and a fresh mind. All must take such periods of rest, nor shall anyone remain in class at such times.

21. During the breakfast break every student shall give himself ample time for his breakfast

22. The courtyard is a part of the school and schould be treated by the students as such. Hence, even during breaks, it should be kept clean and not littered with paper or rubbish.

23. At the first signal of the end of a break, students shall stop playing or doing anyhing else and start for their classes.
At the second signal, they shall proceed to their classes in good order in the same way as at the beginning of the school-day.

24. After the student's leaving the school at the end of the daily lessons, the daily round of duties does not come to an end. It continues in the afternoon in the form of preparation either at home or at school. This is an essential part of school work.

Chapter XVIII
School Reports

1. That a student and his parents or guardians may have an idea of what sort of progress he is making, reports on his work shall be issued three times a year, i.e. once at the end of each term, and one at the end of the year.

2. In such reports 50 per cent of the maximum of marks allotted to a subject indicates a pass in it; 70 per cent credit; 80 per cent distinction.
Any mark below 50 per cent of the maximum indicates failure.

3. The marks that appear in the reports are based on the perfomance of the student in such homework as can be marked, and in his class-tests during term and at the end of it.

4. For the purpose of assessing a student's FINAL RESULT in each subject, the average of the three term reports is added ot the mark of the final examination, and this total is divided by two.

5. At the head of the school report marks appear for conduct, order and application.
They indicate the schoo's opinion about the student's general behaviour at school, his orderliness or lack of it in his work and person and things, and his seriousness or lack of it in his school work.

6. At the foot of the school report the student's average and his position in his class are indicated.
To obtain a student's average, the marks scored by him in all his subjects are added together, and the total thus obtained is divided by the number of subjects.
A student's average and position or standard in class give a general idea of his performance.

7. Other reports on the conduct, order application and work of students are issued at the request of parents or school, or firms, etc. In such reports the remark of the school authorities on the student's conduct etc., are entered, with every master's opinion of the student's performance in the subject (s) taught by him.

8. School reports should be carefully studied by parents and guardians, and signed the them before being returned to the school. If they note anything in the report that requires comment or explanation for the school authorities, they should contact them without delay.

Chapter XIX
Certificates

1. At the end of their intermediate course all students shall sit for an Intermediate School Leaving Examination which shall also serve as an entrance examination to the secondary school.
An Intermediary School Leaving Certificate will be awarded to all candidates successful in such examination. It will show the subjects of examination and the marks scored in each, as well as mention the fact that the candidates has passed his examination.

2. At the end of the secondary course, all students shall sit for a Secondary School Leaving Examination.
Successful candidates will be awarded a Secondary School Leaving Certificate which will show the subjects of examination and the marks scored in each, and mention their having passed.

3. Student who fails to pass either school leaving examination will receive a document or declaration that they have completed the prescribed course of studies in the subjects mentioned in the certificate and at the level mentioned in it. Of course, no mention of their having passed the examination will be made.

4. After sitting for the Secondary School Leaving Certificate, successful students will be allowed to sit for a School Certificate issued by a public and recognized examining body such as the Sudan School Certificate or the Oxford General Certificate of Education.

5. It should be stressed that although a student may fail to get a certificate, his education is not necessarily a failure, but, on the contrary, it will be a success if it has prepared him for life.

Chapter XX
Houses, Clubs, and Societies

1. In addition to strictly academic activities, the school shall encourage sport, social, and cultural activities within the limits permitted by the main school duties.

2. For such purposes students are grouped into houses, societies or clubs.

3. Houses cater mainly for sports and social activities such as parties. Societies and clubs are meant mainly for cultural activities such as literary, or musical, or theatrical, etc. Such societies and clubs give every student the opportunity to express his natural talents and inclinations by hobbies of different kinds.

4. All sport activities are supervised by a sport Master appointed by the Headmaster.
At the head of every house there is a housemaster, assisted by a house captain. Housemasters are members of the staff and are appointed by the school authorities. Housecaptains are chosen from among the members of houses by their own fellow-students with the approval of the Warden. At the head of every society or club there is a society official chosen by the school authorities from among the members of the staff.

5. The sports master, house masters and captains, and society officials plan their activities and submit their plans to the Warden or Headmaster for their approval.

6. Scouting is also encouraged with the same limits and with the same objects as sports societies.

7. No student is allowed to take part in any sport or other activity outside the school without the consent of his Warden.

Chapter XXI
Rules of Conduct

1. A Combonian is expected to distinguish himself by the good principles which inspire his conduct both in private and in public; and by the good manners and habits that characterize his individual and social life..
Some such principles and habits are mentioned in what follows.
Such principles shall be steadily inculcated and such habits and manners cultivated with all possible means by the school, as the very flower of education.

2. Every Combonian shall foster in himself a deep sense of reverence for God and things divine.
This sense will show itself in the avoiding of everything that savours of profanity, such as mentioning God's name in vain, or swearing by it, or scoffing at religion in general or at the religious ideas and practices of others, however different they may be from one's own, or discriminating among one's school-mates on account of differences in religion. Tolerance of other people's religious view stems from a genuine religious sense, while intolerance in all its forms is only an indication of narrow-mindedness.

3. The religious instruction provided by the school should be taken by all for its own sake, not for the sake of gaining a few marks.

4. All Christian student shall actively partecipate in the corporate acts of worship arranged for them by the school.

5. In dealing with himself a student shall show the greatest respect for his own dignity by cultivating habits of cleanliness both external and internal, i.e. both in his dress, body, etc., and in his thoughts, words and deeds.

6. A student shall not try to hide his own talents, a gift of God, but should , without being boastful about them, try to develop them and through them his personality. In him modesty about his gifts and serious work to cultivate them must go hand in hand.

7. In particular, he shall develop his own mental powers by earnest efforts to study his subjects and by a healthy curiosity and desire to learn. Such curiosity and desire to learn should never feed on subversive or immoral material, such as literature, films, shows, etc. Hence it is strictly forbidden to introduce such literature into the school, and the school authorities reserve to themselves the right to confiscate and destroy all such literature without any compensation to owner, and to punish very severely all who introduce it into the school. For the same reason, school authorities are entitled to control the students' correspondence, and literature.

8. A student shall develop his bodily faculties by cultivating healthy habits and through regular but moderate physical exercises, such as provided by the school through sports and physical training.
He shall also bear in mind constantly that one's bodily faculties are all to be used with restraint and for the purpose for which they are given us by God. Every other use would be wrong and would be contrary to the duty of developing one's personality along the right lines.

9. In dealing with his school-mates, he shall first be inspired by a genuine respect for them.
This shall show itself in avoiding insulting and offensive words and manners, in not doing anything that may wound the other's feeling or show contempt for them, above all in refraining from exercising any corrupting influence on them by conversation, or example or distribution of immoral or subversive literature, or by using them as means for one's own illicit gratification.
Anybody who tries to do such things as aim at corrupting others shall be weeded out from among them.
Excessive familiarity, expecially as shown by frequent touching or holding others, is contrary to their respect.
Respect for other should also lead a student not to discriminate among his fellow students on religious or racial grounds.
Respect for others will also appear in dealing with them with honesty, sincerity, and straightforwardness.

10. Respect must be accompanied by genuine friendship and be fortified by it.
Genuine friendship requires every student to help every other by his good example and, if necessary, by correcting his faults fraternally.
It also requires every student to sympathise with his fellow-students in their needs and to help them even at the cost of personal sacrifice.
It requires every student to encourage in the others everything that is noble and constructive and to discourage what is low and harmful.
Finally, it requires every student to feel himself a living member of the school-body and to take an active part in all its corporate activities to promote its well-being.

11. Towards their superiors at home, at school, and in society the students shall show reverence, obedience and trust.
Respect shall appear in all the outward signs of it, such as standing when addressing, or addressed by, them, listening to them without interruption, avoiding unde familiarity, etc. It must not be dictated by fear or hypocrasy, but by a consideration of the superiors' authority and position. It is quite compatible with a frank and easy approach to them.
Obedience must appear in carrying out loyally and wholeheartedly the superiors' orders on the ground that they are meant for the students' good. Such obedience is compatible with internal discussion, and even external with the superiors, of their orders before they become final, and as such is, obviously, not destructive of one's personality and independance.
Trust will show ifself in the student's approaching his superiors to discuss with them his problems and career and ask for their advice.
The attitude of the students towards their superiors outlined here will promote the family spirit in the school.

12. In society, the student shall try to cultivate good manners, i.e. manners that are dictated by a sense of being a living member of society and bound to promote its welfare and happiness.
Everything that might displease or offend others should be avoided, as shouting, any form of wild behaviour, anyrhing that may offend against good taste, or hurt the feelings of others and weaken the social bonds. On the other hand, every student should share vigorously in all aspects of public or social life that are compatible with his status.

Chapter XXII
Punishment and Rewards

1. The forms of punishment barely mentioned in a previous chapter are here restated, the commonest causes of their infliction being stated at the same time.

2. A NOTE OF DEMERIT for bad conduct or poor work shall be entered in the student's booklet for any serious breach of school discipline or negligence in work.

3. DETENTION after the end of lessons generally results from lack of punctuality in attending school, or neglecting doing one's own work (which is then done during detention) or some other serious breach of discipline.

4. BEING SENT OUT OF CLASS may be the punishment for those who do not pay attention in class, or show lack of respect to their teachers, or disturb others. Such students may be sent out of class by the master with a "dismissed from class" ticket to be shown to the Warden who will decide whether the student should be readmitted or not.

5. SUSPENSION FROM ATTENDING LESSONS for a certain period. This is inflicted for the same offence as those mentioned under 3 - 4, if they are repeated after several warnings.

6. BEING DEPRIVED OF SOME PRIVILEGE at least for a time. This is inflicted on the student who proves unworthy of enjoying it through reperated misuse of the privilege.

7. DISMISSAL FROM SCHOOL may result from any of the reasons mentioned in 2-6, if the fault is serious enough and proves incorrigible after repeated warning. But it may result from one single act serious enough to deserve it. Such would be open incitement to rebellion or strike, grossly immoral behaviour, keeping or distributing immoral literature, theft of substantial property committed in a particularly blameworthy manner, etc.
It may of course result from consistent neglect of one's school work.
School authorities are not bound to state the reasons for dismissal in detail. An appeal from them to the Local School Council and in the last instanc to the Central School Council may be made.
Any decision from the Central Council is final.

8. Notes of demerit and dismissal from class may be awarded by any master.
Detaining in class after lessons, suspending from lessons up to a miximum of three days, depriving of some privilege for some time may be inflicted only by th Warden or he Headmaster.
Suspension for a period of more than three days and expulsion from school may be inflicted only by the Headmaster, in the latter case after consulting the school council sitting as a Board of Discipline.

9. The different kinds of reward used in Comboni school are also mentioned elsewhere in these rules. A few need a few words of comment.

10. NOTE OF MERIT are awarded for outstanding good conduct or work either on individual occasions or for a certain period of time. They are entered in the student's booklet, and may be awarded by any master who believes they are deserved.

11. MENTION OF A STUDENT'S NAME IN THE SCHOOL ROLL OF HONOUR is the reward of excellence in good conduct or work extending over the whole school-year.

12. For the same reason at the end of every school-year a student may be awarded GOOD CONDUCT CERTIFICATES or SUBJECT PRIZES.

13. The student's booklet, in which notes of merit or demerit are entered with the causes for which they are awarded, should be regularly, even daily, studied by the student's parents or guardian who really care to know what progress the student is making and wish to cooperate with the school authorities to promote his good.
It may also be used by parents to notify the school authorities of the reasons for the children's absence from school.

ALWAYS MORE ALWAYS BETTER