MATERIALE PRIMATOLOGICO PRESENTE IN RETE: Primatological documents on the web

CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS

• European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 18.III.1986)
• Appendix A: Guidelines for accomodation and care of animals
• Appendix B: Statistical tables and Explanatory notes for their completion
The member States of the Council of Europe, signatory hereto,
• Recalling that the aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members and that it wishes to co-operate with other States in the protection of live animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes;
• Recognising that man has a moral obligation to respect all animals and to have due consideration for their capacity for suffering and memory;
• Accepting nevertheless that man in his quest for knowledge, health and safety has a need to use animals where there is a reasonable
• expectation that the result will be to extend knowledge or be to the overall benefit of man or animal, just as he uses them for food, clothing and as beasts of burden;
• Resolved to limit the use of animals for experimental and other scientific purposes, with the aim of replacing such use wherever practical, in particular by seeking alternative measures and encouraging the use of these alternative measures;
• Desirous to adopt common provisions in order to protect animals used in those procedures which may possibly cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm and to ensure that where unavoidable they shall be kept to a minimum,
• Have agreed as follows ......:
• Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals  (American Psychological Association's Committee on Animal Research and Ethics, CARE)
The guidelines were developed by the American Psychological Association (APA) for use by psychologists working with nonhuman animals. They are based on and are in conformity with Section 6.20 of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of APA. In the ordinary course of events, the acquisition, care, housing, use, and disposition of animals should be in compliance with applicable federal, state, local, and institutional laws and regulations and with international conventions to which the United States is a party. APA members working outside the United States are to follow all applicable laws and regulations of the country in which they conduct research.
• Guide For The Care And Use of Laboratory Animals (from ILAR)
A respected resource for decades, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has been revised by a committee of experts, based on input from scientists and the public. The Guide incorporates recent research on commonly used species, including farm animals, and includes extensive references. It is organized around major components of animal use: o Institutional policies and responsibilities. The committee discusses areas that require policy attention: the role and function of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, protocols for animal care and use, occupational health and safety, personnel qualifications, and other areas. o Animal environment, husbandry, and management. The committee offers guidelines on how to design and run a management program, addressing environment, nutrition, sanitation, behavioral and social issues, genetics, nomenclature, and more. o Veterinary care. The committee discusses animal procurement and transportation, disease and preventive medicine, and surgery. The Guide addresses pain recognition and relief and issues surrounding euthanasia. o Physical plant. The committee identifies design and construction issues, providing guidelines for animal-room doors, drainage, noise control, surgery, and other areas. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides a framework for the judgments required in the management of animal facilities--a resource of proven value, now updated and expanded. This revision will be important to researchers, animal care technicians, facilities managers, administrators at research institutions, policymakers involved in research issues, and animal welfare advocates.
The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Engineering. and Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Engineering. and Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported by the Comparative Medicine Program. National Center for Research Resources the Interagency Research Animal Committee. and the Office for Protection from Research Risks. National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and the Department of Veterans Affairs. The grant was awarded by the Comparative Medicine Program. National Center for Research Resources. and all agency funding was provided under grant NIH RR08779-02.
• Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals (1992)
NAP on line book
Clear guidelines on the proper care and use of laboratory animals are being sought by researchers and members of the many committees formed to oversee animal care at universities as well as the general public. This book provides a comprehensive overview of what we know about behavior, pain, and distress in laboratory animals. The volume explores:
Stressors in the laboratory and the animal behaviors they cause, including in-depth discussions of the physiology of pain and distress and the animal's ecological relationship to the laboratory as an environment. A review of euthanasia of lab animals--exploring the decision, the methods, and the emotional effects on technicians.
Also included is a highly practical, extensive listing, by species, of dosages and side effects of anesthetics, analgesics, and tranquilizers.
• Animal Welfare Legislation and Policies (IPS)
• Links about Animal Welfare Legislation and Guidelines to the Care and Use of Research Animals
• Animal Welfare Information Center (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
• Providing information for improved animal care and use in research, teaching, and testing.
• Essentials for Animal Research
• This manual was developed from the outlines of a course entitled Essentials for Animal Research, originally developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago for graduate students who wanted to learn more about the use of animals in research than generally covered in the training received in their chosen area of concentration.  From its inception, the course has constantly evolved to remain current with everchanging regulations and an increasing awareness by graduate students of the issues concerning the use of animals in biomedical research, teaching and testing.  The course introduces those elements which have become essential requirements for using animals in research, teaching or testing programs. These requirements primarily center around the responsibilities one assumes when they intend to use animals in their work.  The ultimate responsibility lies with the Principle Investigator who must have a working knowledge of the regulations, be familiar with the factors that affect the selection, acquisition and maintenance of experimental animals and be aware of the ethical and social issues involved with the use of animals in biomedical research.
• Education & Training in the Care & Use of Lab Animals
• PHS policy requires that PHS-funded institutions file an Animal Welfare Assurance that must include "a synopsis of training or instruction in the humane practice of animal care and use, as well as training or instruction in research or testing methods that minimize the number of animals required to obtain valid results and minimize animal distress, offered to scientists, animal technicians, and other personnel involved in animal care, treatment, or use" (PHS, 1986, p. 4).

The Committee on Educational Programs in Laboratory Animal Science (EPLAS) has prepared this guide to aid institutions in implementing an education and training program that will meet the expectations of the PHS Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR), which oversees the PHS policy, and the Regulatory Enforcement and Animal Care (REAC) unit of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, which regulates the Animal Welfare Act. This guide has been designed to fulfill several purposes. First, it is intended to assist institutional officials and institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) in determining the scope and depth of education and training programs that will meet both institutional needs and the requirements of the OPRR and REAC. Second, it is offered as a reference for the person or committee assigned the responsibility for coordinating these programs. Finally, portions of the guide will be useful to those people (content experts) who develop the material to be presented.
• Good Laboratory Practice Standards
• New Zeland National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee 1998 Annual Report
• 1999: Second report on the statistics on the number of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes in the member states of the European Union - IT
• The use of laboratory animals is a matter of great public concern. In the European Union there is a general need and commitment to reduce the number of animals used in laboratories for experimental and other scientific purposes to the minimum level which is scientifically necessary.

Recent statistics which provide information on how and where animals are currently used for experimental purposes are now available in the European Union. These statistics are contained in the Second Report from the European Commission [COM(1999)191final] following its
adoption by the Commission on 26 April 1999.
- These statistics are important because they enable us to monitor whether the aim of reducing the use of laboratory animals is achieved. Reliable statistics also serve as a good basis for constructive discussion on how reductions can be achieved and assist in analysing the effects of
the introduction of new alternative methods.
- This Second Report provides a comprehensive overview on the number of animals used in the European Union in 1996. It also provides some insight as to the species and purposes these animals were used for. In spite of the fact that the Report is based on non-uniform data, some
  conclusions can be drawn from the data. These are reported in section 3 of the Report. Section 4 details the raw data as provided by each Member State.
• 2003: Third statistical report on the use of laboratory animals in the EU - IT -  22/1/03
• The use of laboratory animals is a matter of great public concern. In the European Union there is a general need and commitment to reduce the number of animals used in laboratories for experimental and other scientific purposes to the minimum level, which is scientifically necessary.

- Recent statistics, which provide information on how and where animals are used for experimental purposes, are now available in the European Union. These statistics are contained in the Third Report from the European Commission [COM(2003 19 final] following its adoption by the Commission on 22 January 2003.
- These statistics are important because they enable us to monitor whether the aim of reducing the use of laboratory animals is achieved. Reliable statistics also serve as a good basis for constructive discussion on how further reductions can be achieved and assist in analysing the effects of the introduction of new alternative methods.
- The Third Report provides a comprehensive overview on the number of animals used in the EU in 1999 for experimental and other scientific purposes. It covers a much wider range of procedures and purposes than previous reports. The purposes of experiments are now described in more detail, including aspects such as regulatory requirements and types of tests versus products tested. This allows one to draw a much more precise and comprehensive picture at the EU level, which is presented in part A of the Report. Part B details the raw data as provided by each Member State accompanied by respective national comments.
• 2003: Guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioural research and teaching (ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 2003, 65, 249–255)
• Behavioural studies are of great importance in increasing our understanding and appreciation of animals. In addition to providing knowledge about the diversity and complexity of behaviour in nature, such studies also provide information crucial to improvements in the wel-fare of animals maintained in laboratories, agricultural settings and zoos, and as companion animals. The use of animals in behavioural research and teaching does, however, raise important ethical issues. While many behavioural studies are noninvasive and involve only observations of animals in their natural habitat, some research questions cannot be addressed without manipu-lation of animals. Studies of captive animals necessarily involve keeping animals in confinement, and manipula-tive procedures and surgery may be necessary to achieve the aims of the research. Studies of free-living animals in their natural habitats can cause disruption, particularly if feeding, capture, marking or experimental procedures are involved.

To help the members make what are sometimes difficult ethical judgements about the procedures involved in the study of animals, the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour and the Animal Behavior Society have formed Ethical and Animal Care committees, respectively. These committees jointly produced the following guidelines for the use of all those who are engaged in behavioural research and teaching activities involving vertebrate and invertebrate animals. These guidelines are general in scope, since the diversity of species and the study techniques used in behavioural research precludes the inclusion of prescriptive standards for animal care and treatment.

CARE AND USE OF PRIMATES

ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT

PRIMATE CONSERVATION

 
• 2000: CITES: a conservation tool
• The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was concluded in 1973 and entered into force on 1 July, 1975. It now counts 145 countries as Parties, or member states (as of 31 March 1999). The treaty was developed in response to concerns about the potential detrimental effects on species' survival of high levels of international trade in wild animals and plants. It establishes the international legal framework for the prevention of trade in endangered species and for an effective regulation of trade in certain other species.
• The treaty's fundamental principles govern the species to be listed in the various Appendices on the basis of the different levels of threat posed by international trade and detail appropriate levels of trade regulation. The four Appendices to the Convention form the basis for implementation of the treaty. Appendices, I, II, and III establish different levels of trade restriction for species listed on each of these three Appendices. Appendix IV makes provision for the issue of permits which are required before international trade in the species listed on Appendices I, II or III can occur.
• 25 Species of Primates Endangered (Conservation International) --
• Not one species of primates has been lost in the past century, but now 25 species of apes, monkeys, lemurs and other primates are imperiled and may soon disappear, experts warned Monday.  "As we enter the new millennium, we risk losing our closest living relatives in the animal kingdom," said Russell Mittermeier, president of  Conservation International. The most endangered primates, according to the study, include the golden bamboo lemur in Madagascar, the yellow-tailed woolly monkey in the tropical Andes, the mountain gorilla in central Africa and the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey of Vietnam.

Other primates on the 25-most-imperiled list are:  The Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur, the Perrier's sifaka, the silky sifaka and the golden-crowned sifaka, all in Madagascar and  the Indian Ocean islands; the golden lion tamarin, the black lion tamarin, the black-faced lion tamarin, the buff-headed capuchin and the northern muriqui, all in Brazil; the Miss Waldron's red colobus, white-naped mangabey, Sclater's guenon, the drill gorilla, and the cross-river gorilla, all in West Africa; the sanje mangabey in Kenya and Tanzania; the Delacour's langur, Cat Ba Island golden-headed langur and the gray-shanked douc langur, all in Vietnam; the Hainan gibbon in China; and the Sumatran orangutan and the Javan gibbon, both in Indonesia. Hotspot website.
• 2000: IUCN Guidelines for the placement of confiscated animals
• Live wild animals are confiscated by local, regional, and national authorities for a variety of reasons. Once they have taken possession of these animals, these authorities must dispose of them responsibly, in a timely and efficient manner. Prevailing legislation, cultural practices, and economic conditions will influence decisions on appropriate disposition of confiscated animals. Within a conservation context, there are several possible options from which to choose:

1) to maintain the animals in captivity for the remainder of their natural lives;
2) to return the animals to the wild;
3) to euthanize the animals, i.e., humanely destroy them
The IUCN Guidelines for the Placement of Confiscated Animals discuss the benefits and risks involved in each of these options. These Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the IUCN Guidelines for Re-introductions (IUCN 1998). They should also be read with reference to the CITES Guidelines for the Disposal of Confiscated Live Species of Species Included in the Appendices (Resolution Conf. 10.7) and the IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species.
• 1995: IUCN Guidelines for reintroductions
• These policy guidelines have been drafted by the Re-introduction Specialist Group of the IUCN's Species Survival Commission (1), in response to the increasing occurrence of re-introduction projects worldwide, and consequently, to the growing need for specific policy guidelines to help ensure that the re-introductions achieve their intended conservation benefit, and do not cause adverse side-effects of greater impact. Although IUCN developed a Position Statement on the Translocation of Living Organisms in 1987, more detailed guidelines were felt to be essential in providing more comprehensive coverage of the various factors involved in re-introduction exercises.

These guidelines are intended to act as a guide for procedures useful to re-introduction programmes and do not represent an inflexible code of conduct. Many of the points are more relevant to re-introductions using captive-bred individuals than to translocations of wild species. Others are especially relevant to globally endangered species with limited numbers of founders. Each re-introduction proposal should be rigorously reviewed on its individual merits. It should be noted that re-introduction is always a very lengthy, complex and expensive process.
Re-introductions or translocations of species for short-term, sporting or commercial purposes - where there is no intention to establish a viable population - are a different issue and beyond the scope of these guidelines. These include fishing and hunting activities.
• 2000: IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss due to Biological Invasion
• Biological diversity faces many threats throughout the world. One of the major threats to native biological diversity is now acknowledged by scientists and governments to be biological invasions caused by alien invasive species. The impacts of alien invasive species are immense, insidious, and usually irreversible. They may be as damaging to native species and ecosystems on a global scale as the loss and degradation of habitats.

For millennia, the natural barriers of oceans, mountains, rivers and deserts provided the isolation essential for unique species and ecosystems to evolve. In just a few hundred years these barriers have been rendered ineffective by major global forces that combined to help alien species travel vast distances to new habitats and become alien invasive species. The globalisation and growth in the volume of trade and tourism, coupled with the emphasis on free trade, provide more opportunities than ever before for species to be spread accidentally or deliberately. Customs and quarantine practices, developed in an earlier time to guard against human and economic diseases and pests, are often inadequate safeguards against species that threaten native biodiversity. Thus the inadvertent ending of millions of years of biological isolation has created major ongoing problems that affect developed and developing countries.
The scope and cost of biological alien invasions is global and enormous, in both ecological and economic terms. Alien invasive species are found in all taxonomic groups: they include introduced viruses, fungi, algae, mosses, ferns, higher plants, invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. They have invaded and affected native biota in virtually every ecosystem type on Earth. Hundreds of extinctions have been caused by alien invasives. The ecological cost is the irretrievable loss of native species and ecosystems.

• 1973: Testo della Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (sito web  del CITES) con le Appendici
• 1995: Svizzera: Condizioni per l’ importazione di scimmie e proscimmie (4 novembre 1995)