Lecturer:

Course name: Electric Energy Systems
Course code: 062197
Degree course: Ingegneria Elettrica
Disciplinary field of science: ING-IND/33
L'insegnamento è caratterizzante per: Ingegneria Elettrica
University credits: CFU 5
Course website: n.d.

Specific course objectives

The course aims at providing basic knowledge on the complex process of production, transmission and electricity distribution

Course programme

The course aims at providing basic knowledge on the complex process of production, transmission and electricity distribution, whose reliability proved even in recent years (for instance, summer 2003 blackouts in North America, northern Europe and Italy), is essential for survival and development of modern industrial civilization in which we are called to work.

Development of electrical power systems.

• The history of power systems.
• The choice of AC three-phase system.
• The development of Italian electrical system.
• Public and private monopolies.
• Large interconnections in America and Europe.
• The transition from vertically integrated utilities to competition in the electricity market.

Generation system.

• Primary sources for electricity generation.
• Demand for electricity.
• Energy balances.
• Load diagrams and their cover by different generation technologies.
• Run-of-the-river, reservoir and pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants.
• Steam power plants, gas and combined cycle.
• Wind farms, solar plants and other plants that exploit other renewable sources.
• Base-load and peak-load plants.

Two-port networks.

• Linear passive one-port and two-port networks.
• Two-port representations (impedence and admittance matrices).
• Series, parallel and cascade connections of two-port networks.

Electrical lines.

• Electrical parameters of overhead lines and cables.
• Electrical line differential equations.
• AC electrical lines.
• Equivalent two-port network of electrical lines (distributed parametric representation).
• Wavelength.
• Ferranti effect.
• Short lines and concentrated parametric representation.
• Characteristic impedance.
• DC connection.

Transformers.

• Equivalent two-port network of two-winding transformers.
• Per unit representation.
• Tap-changer transformers.
• Three-winding transformers.
• Power plant elevator transformers.
• Autotransformers.
• Phase-shifting transformers.

Power flow calculations.

• Steady-state models of generators, loads and grid elements.
• Admittance and impedance matrices.
• Power flow calculations: power flow equations on lines and transformers, nodal active and reactive power balance equations.
• Solution algorithms of the power flow equations: Newton-Raphson method (Tinney model), decoupled Newton-Raphson method, Carpentier model, Fast Decoupled Load Flow by Alsac-Stott.
• DC load flow, susceptance and reactance matrices, Injection Shift Distribution Factors.

Active power generation dispatching.

• History of active power dispatching problem.
• Equal incremental cost dispatching: graphical and analytical solution method, KKT conditions.
• Modified equal incremental cost dispatching.

Frequency control.

• Speed control in a generator, Watt pendulum, speed regulator transfer function.
• Power plant transfer function: thermoelectric and hydroelectric power plants.
• Primary frequency control: frequency variation in consequence of a load increase.
• Secondary frequency control in isolated power systems: frequency error elimination.

Voltage control.

• Voltage drop in an electrical network.
• Reactive compensation.
• Primary voltage control in a synchronous generator.
• Static and rotating excitation systems.
• Reactive compound.

Course entry requirements

Fundamental of electtical engeneering, phisics and mathematics

Course structure and teaching

Lectures (hours/year in lecture theatre): 28
Practical class (hours/year in lecture theatre): 22
Practicals / Workshops (hours/year in lecture theatre): 0

Suggested reading materials

O. Elgerd. Electric Energy Systems Theory - An Introduction. Mc Graw-Hill.

N. Faletti, P. Chizzolini. Trasmissione e distribuzione dell'energia elettrica: Volumi 1-2. Patron.

A. Wood, B. Wollenberg. Power generation operation and control. John Willey & Sons.

F. Iliceto. Impianti Elettrici - Volume 1. Patron.

Testing and exams

The assessment of students' knowledge will be made as well as by ongoing written tests and at the completion of the course with the oral examination.