Lecturer:

Course name: Planning and Operation of Electric Energy Systems
Course code: 064162
Degree course: Ingegneria Elettrica
Disciplinary field of science: ING-IND/33
L'insegnamento è caratterizzante per: Ingegneria Elettrica
University credits: CFU 5
Course website: n.d.

Specific course objectives

Acquisition of basic concepts and methods of studying the problems of planning and operation of electrical energy systems, with particular regard to the aspects of economy and security.

Course programme

The course deals with different problems which must address the engineers and managers entrusted with the responsibility of operating the production and transmission electric system and of establishing development programs of the transmission and distribution systems on medium and long term horizons, checking the compatibility with the generation expansion proposed by the owners of production plants. The frequent references to the subject matter requires that the student must have enriched their knowledge in the fields of mathematical and numerical analysis , economics, systems theory and automatic controls, as well as in the electrical engineering disciplines (from electrical machines to power systems).

1. From monopoly to competition in the electricity markets.

• Financial planning and operation of vertically integrated electric systems and of systems that implement the separation (unbundling) of the functions of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.
• The competition in the electricity market, supply and demand curves.
• Market equilibrium price.
• The role of market participants.
• Managers (Operators) of national or regional transmission grid.
• The market manager (Operator).
• Control Authority.
• Market structures in Europe and in the world.

2. Security and optimization of system operation.

• Definition of the operating states of a power system.
• Static and dynamic security.
• Numerical algorithms for solving the Load Flow (LF) equations for large systems.
• Optimal ordering of the LF equations, calculation of Jacobian matrix, Gauss factorization.
• Ward's equivalent of an external electrical system.
• Perturbation method for the analysis of the steady-state security.
• Modified matrix inversion lemma (Woodbury) for calculating the current flow distribution coefficients.
• Preventive and corrective security.
• Optimal Power Flow (OPF).
• Sparse and compact reduced models.
• OPF for active power dispatching.
• OPF for congestion management.
• Medium and short-term generation planning.
• Unit committment programs.
• Real-time operation of electrical systems.

3. Ancillary Services.

• Definitions of ancillary sevices.
• Active power reserve.
• Frequency primary control.
• Power/frequency control.
• Voltage regulation and reactive power supply.
• System restoration.

4. Frequency Control.

• Primary and secondary frequency control.
• Project of the speed control for thermal and hydro generation groups.
• Power/frequency control of interconnected systems.
• Non-interacting, network-helping and minimal control criteria.
• Time control error.
• Inadvertent interchanges.

5. Voltage Regulation and Reactive Power Supply.

• Local or centralized voltage regulation.
• Reactive compound in primary voltage control of a synchronous generator.
• Capability curves of a synchronous generator.
• Stability of voltage regulation.
• Centralized voltage control.
• Secondary voltage control.
• Definition of secondary control areas.
• Choice of pilot nodes.
• Power plant allocation to a control area.
• Scheduling and dispatching of the reactive power generation.
• The reactive power supply as ancillary service.
• Value (price) of reactive power generation.

6. Electrical System Planning.

• Definition of security, reliability, robustness and vulnerability.
• Planning of generation and transmission systems.
• Testing system reliability.
• Static and dynamic analysis.
• Dynamic models of system components.
• Angle stability and voltage stability.
• Computational tools for determining the maximum loadability of a system (heating conductors or voltage collapse).
• Remedial or preventive actions to limit the vulnerability of electrical systems against disturbances.
• Simulation of the electrical systems.

Course entry requirements

To have adequate knowledge of the electrical equipments and of the electrical energy systems .

Course structure and teaching

Lectures (hours/year in lecture theatre): 28
Practical class (hours/year in lecture theatre): 22
Practicals / Workshops (hours/year in lecture theatre): 0

Suggested reading materials

Lecture notes, articles from national and international journals, information from the websites of the National Transmission System Operator (TERNA) , Electricity and Gas Authority, the ETSO (European Transmission System Operators) and NERC (North American Electric Reliability Council), in addition to recommended books listed below.

O. Elgerd.. Mc Graw-Hill.. Titolo del riferimento da modificare Electric Energy Systems Theory - An Introduction. Mc Graw-Hill..

A. Wood, B. Wollenberg. John Willey & Sons. . Titolo del riferimento da modificarePower generation operation and control. . John Willey & Sons. .

F. Iliceto.Patron.. Titolo del riferimento da modificare Impianti Elettrici - Volume 1. . Patron..

Marconato,. Titolo del riferimento da modificare Electric Power Systems, Vol. 1 Background and Basic Components. CEI.

Saccomanno, UTET. . Titolo del riferimento da modificareSistemi Elettrici per l’Energia- Analisi e Controllo,. UTET. .

Testing and exams

The assessment of students' knowledge will be made as well as by ongoing written tests and at the completion of the course with the oral examination.