Lecturer: Carlo Giovanni Lai  

Course name: Geotechnical engineering
Course code: 500157
Degree course: Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale
Disciplinary field of science: ICAR/07
L'insegnamento è caratterizzante per: Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale
University credits: CFU 6
Course website: http://www-3.unipv.it/webgeotk/geotecnica_triennale.htm
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Specific course objectives

Scope of the course is to introduce students to the fundamentals of the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of soils framing the study starting from the experimental evidences and proceeding toward the mathematical-physical modeling. Special emphasis will be given throughout the course to the notion of stress-path and of its use as powerful tool in the solution of geotechnical engineering problems. The course will comprise lecturing hours dedicated to the illustration of the theoretical topics and hours of exercising dedicated to problem-solving and/or deepening some of the themes treated during the lectures. The course subdivision in didactic modules with lecturing hours (L) and tutoring hours (T) is illustrated in the following.

Course programme

First didactic module (4L+2T) – Origin, description, fabric and classification of soils.
Origin of soils and macro-structural characters of natural deposits. Phase relations. Clay minerals and the chemism of clays. Identification and systems of classifications of soils. Grain size distribution curves. Atterberg limits. Casagrande plasticity chart. Initial state soil parameters. Interaction between fluid phase and solid skeleton. Burland intrinsic compressibility curve.

Second didactic module (4L+2T) – Overview of principles of continuum mechanics.
Analysis of the state of stress and state of strain within the small-strain theory. Principal and octahedral stresses. Use of invariants. Decomposition of stress tensor. Mohr circle. Equilibrium and compatibility equations. The constitutive relation. The assumption of a linear elastic medium. Isotropy and cross-anisotropy media.

Third didactic module (4L+2T) – The porous medium: peculiarities and general characteristics of natural deposits.
Particulate nature of soils. Limits of applicability of the continuous model. Principle of effective stresses and its physical significance. Total and effective geostatic stresses, pore water pressures. Partially saturated and saturated soil deposits. Phenomena of capillarity. Geologic history and stress history. The notion of pre-consolidation pressure. The at-rest coefficient of lateral earth pressure. Normally-consolidated and over-consolidated soils. Pre-consolidation from diagenetic and aging processes.

Fourth didactic module (6L+4T) – Water in soils: fundamentals of water flow in porous media.
Kinematical aspects of fluid motion. Review of the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics. Forms of energy and Bernoulli’s equation. Flow of water in porous media. Darcy’s law. Equilibrium conditions under the presence of seepage forces. Hydrodynamic pressure and critical hydraulic gradient. The problems of seepage and piping. Assessment of safety conditions of an excavation. Undrained conditions and definition of Skempton pore pressure parameters. Steady state flow. Derivation of Laplace’s equation. Graphical and analytical solutions of boundary value problems associated to Laplace’s equation.

Fifth didactic module (6L+4T) – Theory of consolidation.
Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation equation. Structure and formal analogy with heat equation. Analytical and numerical solution of Terzaghi equation. Consolidation/oedometer test. Determination of pre-consolidation pressure. Deformability parameters under oedometric conditions: the constrained modulus. Primary and secondary (aging) compression. Experimental determination of the coefficient of consolidation. Influence of sampling disturbance on the results of oedometer testing. Limits of applicability of the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory.

Sixth didactic module (8L+4T) – Mechanical behaviour of soils: experimental evidences and mathematical-physical modeling.
Representation of states of stress and of stress and strain paths through the Mohr circle. Representation through the t-s plane, the triaxial plane and the q-p plane. Drainage conditions. Stability analyses under drained and undrained conditions. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Main laboratory equipments: triaxial apparatus, direct shear device or Casagrande box, simple shear and plane strain apparatuses, the resonant column device. Mechanical behaviour of coarse-grained soils. Shear strength and deformability. Some peculiarities in the mechanical behaviour of sands. Dissipation of mechanical work. Constant volume friction angle. Mechanical behaviour of fine-grained soils. Shear resistance and deformability of NC and OC clays. Consolidated undrained and unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests. Undrained shear strength. Peak and residual shear strength. Sensitive clays. Selection of shear strength parameters in stability analyses. Introduction to advanced constitutive models of hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils. A brief account on unified approach in soil constitutive modeling.

Seventh didactic module (4L+2T) – Bearing capacity of shallow foundations.
Typologies of foundations. Shallow and deep foundations. Limit bearing capacity of shallow foundations. Geotechnical and structural failure mechanisms. Brinch-Hansen bearing capacity formulas.

Course entry requirements

Basics of Calculus and Mechanics of Deformable Body.

Course structure and teaching

Lectures (hours/year in lecture theatre): 36
Practical class (hours/year in lecture theatre): 20
Practicals / Workshops (hours/year in lecture theatre): 0

Suggested reading materials

Lancellotta, R. (2004). Geotecnica. Zanichelli (Third Edition), pp. 481. Recommended basic textbook.

Berardi, R. (2009). Fondamenti di Geotecnica. Città Studi, pp.329. Basic textbook. Practical and of easy understanding.

Atkinson, J. (1997). Geotecnica - Meccanica delle Terre e Fondazioni. Mc Graw Hill, pp.452. Reference textbook. It treats both soil mechanics and design of foundations and earth-retaining structures though at a basic level.

Holtz, R.D. and Kovacs, W.D. (1981). An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. Prentice-Hall, pp.733. Excellent book to deepen the study on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils. Pragmatic and of easy comprehension.

Lambe, T.W. (1991). Soil Testing for Engineers. BiTech Publishers, pp. 165. Reference monograph for geotechnical laboratory tests.

Lambe, T. W. and Whitman, R. V. (1990). Soil Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 576. Classical textbook to deepen the study of soil mechanics.

Nova, R. (2002). Fondamenti di Meccanica delle Terre. Mc Graw Hill, pp.373. Reference monograph to deepen the study on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils and of soil constitutive modeling. Advanced theoretical approach.

Wood, D.M. (1990). Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, pp. 462. Reference monograph to deepen the study on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils and of soil constitutive modeling. Advanced theoretical approach.

Mitchell, J.K. and Soga, K. (2005). Fundamentals of Soil Behavior. Wiley and Sons, pp. 592. Reference monograph to deepen the study on the chemism of clays and on the interaction between solid and fluid phases of the porous medium.

Reese, L.C., Isenhower, W.M. and Wang, S.T. (2005). Analysis & Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations. Wiley & Sons, pp. 608. Reference monograph to deepen the study on the engineering of foundations.

Testing and exams

Problems and/or reading assignments will be given during the course but they will not be collected. However, at the final exam students will be asked to turn in their work for an evaluation. Students are strongly recommended to attempt all the assigned homeworks in order to have a positive outcome at the final examination. The latter consists of a three hours written assessment. The test is split in two parts: the first based on theoretical questions while the second on problem-solving. The final grade will be the arithmetic mean of the two parts each of which should be successfully passed with a score greater or equal to 18/30. The test format is closed-book.